Pakistan in the 21st century: reassessment of geopolitical realities and strategic choices

Abstract

In the dynamic landscape of the 21st century, Pakistan emerges as a pivotal player, navigating through complex geopolitical realities and confronting multifaceted strategic choices. This paper undertakes a comprehensive reassessment of Pakistan's position in the contemporary global order, shedding light on its evolving role, challenges, and opportunities. Through an interdisciplinary approach encompassing geopolitics, security studies, and international relations theory, the paper examines Pakistan's geopolitical context, emphasizing the significance of its geographical location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. It delves into the historical legacies, including the partition of British India and subsequent conflicts, which have shaped Pakistan's geopolitical trajectory. Furthermore, the paper analyzes Pakistan's strategic choices in response to regional and global dynamics, including its relationships with key actors such as China, the United States, and neighboring India. It explores Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear capability, counterterrorism efforts, and regional initiatives such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), highlighting their implications for regional stability and Pakistan's strategic autonomy. Moreover, the paper critically assesses the challenges confronting Pakistan, ranging from internal security threats to economic vulnerabilities and governance deficits. It elucidates the complex interplay between domestic dynamics and external pressures, shaping Pakistan's strategic calculus and policy responses. Drawing on insights from academia, policymaking, and geopolitical analysis, this paper provides a nuanced understanding of Pakistan's role in the 21st-century global order. It underscores the importance of adaptive strategies, diplomatic engagement, and regional cooperation in navigating the evolving geopolitical landscape and advancing Pakistan's national interests amidst a complex and interconnected world.