From the Indus Valley to AI: tracing the evolution of technological innovation in Pakistan

Abstract

Pakistan, rocked by the Indus Valley civilization, has a rich and multifaceted history of technological innovation. This article examines this remarkable journey, tracing its evolution from the sophisticated urban planning and hydraulic engineering of the ancient world to the cutting-edge advances in artificial intelligence (AI) that are shaping the contemporary landscape. By examining key milestones in various fields, including agriculture, infrastructure, medicine and information technology, the article highlights the ingenuity and resilience that have characterized Pakistani innovation throughout the story. He concludes by highlighting the challenges and opportunities the nation faces in its continued pursuit of technological advancement, emphasizing the need to foster a robust research, development and entrepreneurship ecosystem.